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For industrial systems, the standardized MODBUS protocol is commonly used. This is a protocol over a serial port (using RS485) or over Ethernet.
We have done implementations of MODBUS RTU (serial via RS485) on an ARM-7 (32-bit) and even an AVR (8 bit) controller.
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The basis of the protocol is a gestandardized way to access registers (of 16 bit) in the embedded system. Multiple 16 bit registers can be combined to longer variables; 32 bit and IEEE floating point.
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